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Biochip/Microarray provides rapid, accurate, high throughput measurements for proteins and nucleic acids, which is a promising technology in many biomedical fields Biochips are essentially miniaturized laboratories. Microarray is the critical component of a biochip platform. Microarrays consists of biomolecules (e.g., DNAs, proteins, small molecules, carbohydrates, and even cells or tissues) immobilized at high densities on supportive media (e.g., glasses, silicon wafers, and other functionalized substrates). Biochip technologies include gene chips, protein chips, chip labs, cell chips, tissue chips, sugar chips, electronic chips, flow-through chips. Gene chip is the most mature biochip technology, which is used for commercial application firstly. This technique is based on the principle of complementary nucleic order Cy3.5 maleimide hybridization. The main advantages of gene chips are rapid, accurate, miniaturization, and automation. Gene chip technology is mostly used in gene differential expression analysis, gene identification, DNA sequencing, scanning of gene mutation and polymorphism, classification and diagnosis of tumors. Cell chips are proposed for capturing, fixing, equilibrating, transporting, stimulating, and culturing the cells on the chip. Continuous and in situ signal of cell components can be obtained with high-throughput, multi-parameter. Cell biochip plays an important role in gene detection, gene expression, gene polymorphism analysis, drug development screening, and disease diagnosis. However, traditional microarray utilized fluorescent or chemiluminescent labels, which can be cumbersome and interfere with biofunctionality. Recently label-free detection techniques was employed to microarray, as they do not require labeled reactants and provide quantitative information on binding kinetics. The label-free microarray detection of biomolecular has been realized by binding interactions with optical interferometry. Binding of targets could alert the interference signal. Ferometric reflectance imaging sensor (IRIS) which is label-free, has been particularly studied. Si/SiO was employed in IRIS to fabricate microarray sensor. This technique enabled real-time kinetics monitoring and high-throughput screening of immobilized probe molecules with high sensitivity.
QCM device which has high sensitivity to mass change, provides good specificity, high sensitivity, low cost and easy operation Piezoelectric crystal biosensor has been widely used in the fields of molecular biology, pathology, medical diagnostics, and bacteriology. A QCM immunosensor was fabricated for the detection of AFB1 using monoclonal IgA antibody, which was superior to conventional aflatoxin specific IgG antibody. Recently, QCM with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has aroused increasing interest in colloid chemists, biologists, bioengineers, and biophysicists. Tomasz et al. combined QCM-D and atomic force microscopy (AFM) as tools for the distinction of melanoma cells with a different metastatic potential. The combined AFM/QCM-D studies exhibited a larger affinity of Con A to A375-P cells in comparison to WM35 cells, which indicate differences in the glycan composition of the two kinds of melanoma types.
Mass spectrometer can accurately measure molecular mass of biomolecules and provide molecular structure information in complex biological samples LC–MS are widely used for comprehensive protein profiling of biological samples. LC–MS was combinedwithscanning electron microscopy (SEM) to detect and map the phenomenon of protein carry-over. Moreover, it has been reported that antigens hemagglutinin and neuraminidase in influenza vaccines was analyzed using an antibody-free LC–MS, which allowed analysis of multiple antigens simultaneously. GC–MS metabolomics is a powerful tool for comprehensive analysis of volatile, semivolatile, low molecular weight and thermally stable compounds. Studies showed that GC–MS together with multivariate statistical data analysis were applied for metabolomics analyses. Recently, MALDI-TOF MS implemented in laboratories and utilized as a new method for microbiological diagnosis. MALDI-TOF MS can rapidly identify bacteria and yeast directly from colonies grown on culture plates. Cristina et al. directly identified microorganisms from 162 positive monomicrobial blood cultures by MALDI-TOF MS, which indicated a commercially available MS typing system for fast and powerful diagnosis of pathogens.